Importance Of Speaking And Listening Across The Curriculum Education Essay

Importance Of Speaking And Listening Across The Curriculum Education Essay Richards and Rodgers (2001) suggest that there are essentially four methods of teaching which are speaking, listening, reading and writing. An effective teacher achieves a good balance between these four methods throughout their lessons. As speaking and listening are two of Richards and Rodgers (2001) methods of teaching, it is evident that all teachers need to include speaking and listening in their lessons (DES, 1975 cited in Corson, 1990). Literacy involves the integration of speaking, listening and critical thinking with reading and writing (Wray, 2001, pg12). Literacy is the set of skills which allows an individual to engage fully in society and in learning, through the different forms of language, and the range of texts, which society values and finds useful Literacy can take many forms including mathematical expressions, websites, graphs, scientific symbols, signs, body language and cartoons (Paterson, 2007). Speaking and listening are intrinsically interlinked since there is no benefit to speaking if it is not being listened to, even if that means listening to oneself. Speaking can take place in a variety of ways within the classroom. These primarily include questioning, pair work, collaborative group work or whole class discussions. Each of these is suited to different tasks or situations and the success of the activity depends on the planning skills of the teacher (Capel et al, 2009). In terms of how the talking begins, planned talk or questioning is more likely to result in an informative discussion as more preparation will have taken place. Incidental talk at any time during a lesson can be equally as useful but can also more easily lead to idle chat (Capel et al, 2009). Listening is often considered as a skill which is very difficult to perfect (Lewis and Graham, 2003). Wragg and Brown (2001) state that there are four different types of listening; these are skim, survey, search and study. They believe the types of listening range from little awareness to trying to search for the underlying meaning of what is being said. The reasons for these four types of listening could be due to the amount of information which can be conveyed through speech and the challenge of the listener having to process this information (Capel et al, 2009, Wragg and Brown, 2001). In order for literacy to be taught effectively there needs to be some consistency across the curriculum (Paterson, 2007). Literacy should not just be the responsibility of the English department, as it applies to all learning and subjects cannot be taught effectively without speaking and listening. For example, to get a good grade in an exam or essay requires the student to have a good understanding of literacy (DfES, 2003). The Department for Education and Skills (2003), also states that for there to be effective literacy strategy across the school there needs to be a common framework which enables all subjects to work together to achieve the common goal. All subjects need to have the same standards to ensure consistency. The National Literacy Trust (2010) state that every school needs to have a literacy co-ordinator who should be responsible for providing training, recognising the needs of other subjects and developing teacher confidence and enthusiasm. It is important that teachers have the correct opinion with regard to the inclusion of literacy in all subjects ensuring that they regard reading or speaking aloud as ways for students to learn subject content rather than just generating additional workload (Paterson, 2007). Although perhaps taking longer to plan than other activities, speaking and listening tasks could actually save the teacher time as students can take responsibility for some independent learning and creative thinking, which can be followed up by group discussion or questioning. To ensure that the speaking and listening within the classroom is valuable and effective, it is important to make sure that a variety of questions are planned in advance and these questions are aimed at differing abilities to ensure that all students have access to the curriculum (Capel et al, 2009). Open questions should be used to get a better understanding of students knowledge as they require a more detailed and comprehensive answer. Throughout the lesson some pupils should be targeted as it is a good way to assess their level of understanding. Another area which should be considered is pupil response time as some students may take longer to respond not because they do not know the answer they could just be thinking about it (Corson, 1990, Capel et al, 2009). There are some advantages and disadvantages to having discussions within a classroom. Some advantages are that teachers can get a more detailed understanding of a students comprehension of a particular subject area or topic. Fassinger (1995) discusses how speaking and listening can invoke concentration, keep students involved and is a proven confidence builder. However, a disadvantage is that the teacher would be unaware of where the discussion would end up and it could go off track. Teachers also need to take care to avoid sensitive issues with open discussions (Capel et al, 2009). Part of the role of a teacher is to give students feedback on their work to help them to learn and develop further (Murphy, 1997). However, the assessment of a student based on speaking and listening alone can be difficult simply because it is arduous to evidence (Brooks, 2002). For example if the student was relatively quiet and did not say much the teacher may assume that they are not achieving their goals. Too much speaking within an assessment could mean that the conversation has become more general and the student could be talking a lot but not covering a topic in depth. In conclusion, having literacy skills allows people to connect to our society. Richards and Rodgers (2001) state that there are four methods to teaching; speaking and listening account for half of these methods. There are a variety of different ways in which speaking and listening can be used within the classroom to raise and measure achievement and understanding.

Organizational Objectives and Total Compensation Essay

Compensation laws designed to protect the employees of an organization. A compensation package comprises of monetary and non-monetary benefits to help an organization in retaining the highly qualified, to spark high performance, and to attract quality applicants. Those compensations will vary from industry to industry and from employer to employer within those industries. The size of the organization and the number of employees will dictate how many benefits are offered in a total compensation plan. The list of benefits is too plentiful to mention more than once and are covered later in this paper. This list could go on and on as it continues to grow with the diversity of America’s workforce. One particular item of interest in the biotech industry would be the health coverage portion of the total compensation plan. Laws and Regulations Influencing Total Compensation The Patient Protection and Affordable Health Care Act is one law that companies need to consider in creating a total compensation plan. It was initiated to aid individuals in obtaining healthcare coverage, even those who were unemployed. â€Å"The Affordable Care Act actually refers to two separate pieces of legislation — the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (P.L. 111-148) and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-152) — that, together expand Medicaid coverage to millions of low-income Americans and makes numerous improvements to both Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP)† (Affordable Care†¦n.d.). There are several laws that relate to compensation plans and the different aspects of pay. The first being The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. â€Å"The Fair Labor Standards Act is responsible for establishing minimum wage, recordkeeping regulations, overtime pay rates and youth employment  standards, which affect employees in both the private sector and in Federal, State and local governments† (What you should†¦n.d.). The Equal Pay Act (1963) was an amendment to the FLSA and restricts any kind of discrimination based on sex for men and women working at similar jobs and in the same workplace.   Another law is â€Å"The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) is a federal law that sets minimum standards for most voluntarily established pension and health plans in private industry to provide protection for individuals in these plans† (U.S. Department of Labor, n.d.). An important thing to remember is that â€Å"Compensation systems must be consistent with the existing legislation in the areas of Labour Standards, equal pay, Human Rights, Employment Insurance, pension or retirement benefits, labor relations and Occupational Health and Safety† (Compensation & Benefits, n.d.). Similarities and Differences in Total Compensation between Organizations Biotechnology in simple terms deals with biology, and as such this industry is at a greater risk for health issues and must take into consideration a compensation plan placing emphasis on health insurance and monetary rewards. These two combined areas will attract better quality applicants and keep those deserving of mention on-board. This company with only 200 employees will begin with a total compensation plan consisting of: competitive pay, health insurance, matching 401(k) contributions, bonus programs based on job performance. Eli Lilly & Company offers their employees so many benefits it makes it easy to choose them as an employer: financial wellness, career development, health insurance, time off, lifecare resource and referral service, on-site child development centers, support groups, no-stress dress code, food services, â€Å"free gym membership, Lilly fitness centers, Lilly recreational park & sports and hobby clubs† (One decision†¦2014) just to name a few. This list is very extensive and far too long to list on this paper. SC Johnson’s total compensation is ever evolving and includes: â€Å"bonuses, long-term incentives and benefits, profit sharing, matching on 401(k) contributions; and potential bonus payments based on job performance, subsidized health care benefits, maternity/paternity/adoption leave, recreation and fitness centers, vacation purchase options, paid sabbaticals, flexible work arrangements, counseling services, child care, onsite training, family-oriented programs, maternity/paternity/adoption leave, child care, and family volunteer events, scholarships for students and more† (Compensation and benefits, n.d.). Conclusion In order to attract â€Å"only the best† it is paramount that any compensation package offered be the deciding factor. The total compensation package being offered is comparative, similar and acceptable in the industry. References: Affordable Care Act. (n.d.). Affordable Care Act. Retrieved from Medicaid.gov: http://www.medicaid.gov/AffordableCareAct/Affordable-Care-Act.html Compensation & Benefits. (n.d.). Compensation & Benefits. Retrieved from hrcouncil.ca: http://www.hrcouncil.ca/hr-toolkit/compensation-systems.cfm Compensation and benefits. (n.d.). Compensations and Benefits. Retrieved from SC Johnson, A Family Company: http://www.scjohnson.com/en/Careers/culture/benefits.aspx One decision†¦many benefits. (2014). One decision-many benefits. Retrieved from Eli Lilly: http://www.lilly.com/Documents/2014-FTE.pdf U.S. Department of Labor. (n.d.). Retirement Plans, Benefits & Savings. Retrieved from United States Department of Labor: http://www.dol.gov/dol/topic/retirement/erisa.htm What You Know About The Fair Labor Standards Act. (n.d.). What you should know about the Fair Labor Standards Act. Retrieved from: Laws: http//employment.laws.com/fair-labor-standards-act

Career in Sociology Potential Occupations for the Professional with a Sociology Degree 2019

Social scientists, including sociologists, have one of the highest education levels of all professions. Approximately 50% of professionals with a career in sociology work for federal, state, and local governments. A student entering a career with a sociology degree may help governments solve social problems and develop public policy or may alternately choose to pursue a career in management, sales, or teaching. The potential for a career with a degree in sociology is as wide as the discipline itself. The Discipline of Sociology Sociology is the study of society and human social interaction. It is concerned with social dynamics and the effects of groups on individuals. Professionals with a career in sociology focus on groups as small as the family and as large as the global population. The following several specializations are possible with a sociology career: Education Family Social Psychology Political Sociology Gender Relations Gerontology Criminology Demography. Career Options with an Undergraduate Sociology Degree .uc394bc33f5e76edd3e247ec6ea25313c { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .uc394bc33f5e76edd3e247ec6ea25313c:active, .uc394bc33f5e76edd3e247ec6ea25313c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .uc394bc33f5e76edd3e247ec6ea25313c { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .uc394bc33f5e76edd3e247ec6ea25313c .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .uc394bc33f5e76edd3e247ec6ea25313c .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .uc394bc33f5e76edd3e247ec6ea25313c:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Online Education Options in HealthcareAccording to the American Sociological Association, students entering a career with a sociology degree have increased competitiveness over other liberal arts majors pursuing similar positions. Possible entry-level jobs include research assistant, administrative aide, and management or sales trainee. Students may also pursue a teaching career with a sociology major at the elementary or secondary school level. Additional education classes are necessary for students who wish to enter teaching as a career. Some students who wish to pursue a career with a degree in sociology choose to attend programs such as Ashford Universitys Bachelor of Arts in Organizational Management with a specialization in Sociology. Ashford University boasts that its graduates are prepared to enter sales, retail, small business management, government, and nonprofit jobs. Career Options with an Advanced Sociology Degree A graduate degree in sociology allows a student to further specialize in a career in sociology. Graduate degree alumni may be able to teach at a community college. A sociology career in a higher academic setting usually requires a PhD in sociology, which allows a professional to pursue a sociology career in research and teaching at the university level. The majority of a specialized career in sociology involves academic research and writing within a university setting. The results of professionals sociology career research serve to assist government agencies, lawmakers, and educators in solving social problems and forming public policies. .u758f42ee05aaf9bc9bf265b316afb24f { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u758f42ee05aaf9bc9bf265b316afb24f:active, .u758f42ee05aaf9bc9bf265b316afb24f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u758f42ee05aaf9bc9bf265b316afb24f { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u758f42ee05aaf9bc9bf265b316afb24f .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u758f42ee05aaf9bc9bf265b316afb24f .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u758f42ee05aaf9bc9bf265b316afb24f:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Maine Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus-based Education in Maine, the Pine Tree StateJob Outlook for Sociologists For the professional who chooses a specialized career in sociology, job growth is expected to be only as high as 8% through the year 2018. This is, in large part, due to the limited employment options outside of the government and university setting. Professionals pursuing a specialized career in sociology are expected to find the most opportunities in policy and research positions. For professionals who choose to pursue an alternate career with a sociology degree, job prospects are expected to grow faster. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that Human Resources, Training, and Labor Relations Managers will experience an 18 26% increase in employment through the year 2018. Other specific management careers may also be viewed at the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics website. Students interested in pursuing a career in sociology may contact Ashford University. College-Pages.com is another valuable source of information with an extensive list of available programs, as well as education and career resources. Related ArticlesSociology Degree A Jumpstart to a Management Career or a First Step to Becoming a SociologistEarning and Education DegreeOrganizational Psychology and Development An Exciting Career OpportunityOnline Criminal Justice Master DegreeEducational Psychology Academic-Minded Psychology Students Wanted in the Field of Educational PsychologyPolitical Science Degree Career Steps to Becoming a Foreign Service Officer .u3a4855c49b21f56c9e4447b91508ff98 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u3a4855c49b21f56c9e4447b91508ff98:active, .u3a4855c49b21f56c9e4447b91508ff98:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u3a4855c49b21f56c9e4447b91508ff98 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u3a4855c49b21f56c9e4447b91508ff98 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u3a4855c49b21f56c9e4447b91508ff98 .postTitle { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u3a4855c49b21f56c9e4447b91508ff98:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ How to find the Perfect Part Time Job

A Brief History of Religion in Englad - 884 Words

Before the Reformation, England was a Roman Catholic society that was led by the Pope in Rome. Religious life followed a very traditional and structured way of life and was very much ‘deeply embedded in the whole social and mental fabric of the country’ (Russell, 1996, p. 262). Roman Catholic’s were a very visual and ritual based religion and their churches were extremely lavish in design and contained highly decorated furnishings inside (Wolffe, 2008). England’s dissent from the Catholic Church began with King Henry VIII (1491-1547). After Catherine of Aragon failed to produce a male heir, Henry demanded a divorce from her. The Pope denied Henrys request which led to Henry dissolving all ties with the Roman Catholic Church and changed the direction of religion in England. Henrys VIII motives for change were for personal gain rather than changing religious beliefs (Christianity in Britain, 2011). A law was passed in 1534 allowing Henry VIII to declare himself the head of the new Church of England, this move allowed Henry VIII to divorce Catherine and marry Anne Boleyn – the second of six wives (Steele MacDonald, 2007). Edward VI (1537-1553), Henry’s son, who was only 9 when made king, was raised as Protestant. Under Edwards VI reign (1547-1553) his uncle Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset who was a devout Protestant, was made guardian and ruled in Edwards place. Somerset together with Archbishop Cranmer began to turn England into a Protestant country (Lambert,